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Apollo Client can encounter a variety of errors when executing operations on your GraphQL server. Apollo Client helps you handle these errors according to their type, enabling you to show appropriate information to the user when an error occurs.

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Error types

Executing GraphQL operations on a remote server can result in GraphQL errors or network errors.

GraphQL errors

These are errors related to the server-side execution of a GraphQL operation. They include:

• Syntax errors (e.g., a query was malformed)
• Validation errors (e.g., a query included a schema field that doesn't exist)
• Resolver errors (e.g., an error occurred while attempting to populate a query field)

If a syntax error or validation error occurs, your server doesn't execute the operation at all because it's invalid. If resolver errors occur, your server can still return partial data.

Learn more about GraphQL errors in the Apollo Server documentation.

If a GraphQL error occurs, your server includes it in the errors array of its response to Apollo Client:

Apollo Client then adds those errors to the error.graphQLErrors array returned by your useQuery call (or whichever operation hook you used).

If a GraphQL error prevents Apollo Server from executing your operation at all, it responds with a 4xx status code. Apollo Server responds with a 200 status code if resolver errors occurred but the response still includes partial data.

Partial data with resolver errors

An operation that produces resolver errors might also return partial data. This means that some (but not all) of the data your operation requested is included in your server's response. Apollo Client ignores partial data by default, but you can override this behavior by setting a GraphQL error policy.

Network errors

These are errors encountered while attempting to communicate with your GraphQL server, usually resulting in a 4xx or 5xx response status code (and no data).

When a network error occurs, Apollo Client adds it to the error.networkError field returned by your useQuery call (or whichever operation hook you used).

You can add retry logic and other advanced network error handling to your application with Apollo Link.

GraphQL error policies

If a GraphQL operation produces one or more resolver errors, your server's response might still include partial data in the data field:

By default, Apollo Client throws away partial data and populates the error.graphQLErrors array of your useQuery call (or whichever hook you're using). You can instead use these partial results by defining an error policy for your operation.

Apollo Client supports the following error policies for an operation:

Policy	Description
none	If the response includes GraphQL errors, they are returned on error.graphQLErrors and the response data is set to undefined even if the server returns data in its response. This means network errors and GraphQL errors result in a similar response shape. This is the default error policy.
ignore	graphQLErrors are ignored (error.graphQLErrors is not populated), and any returned data is cached and rendered as if no errors occurred.
all	Both data and error.graphQLErrors are populated, enabling you to render both partial results and error information.

Setting an error policy

Specify an error policy in the options object you provide your operation hook (such as useQuery), like so:

This example uses the all error policy to render both partial data and error information whenever applicable.

Advanced error handling with Apollo Link

The Apollo Link library enables you to configure advanced handling of errors that occur while executing GraphQL operations.

As a recommended first step, you can add an onError link to your link chain that receives error details and acts on them accordingly.

The example below passes the ApolloClient constructor a link chain with two links:

• An onError link that checks for graphQLErrors or a networkError in the server's response. It logs the details of whichever error(s) it finds.
• An HttpLink that sends each GraphQL operation to your server.
  • This is the chain's terminating link.

Retrying operations

Apollo Link helps you retry failed operations that might be resolved by a followup attempt. We recommend different links depending on the type of error that occurred:

• The onError link for GraphQL errors
• The RetryLink for network errors

On GraphQL errors

The onError link can retry a failed operation based on the type of GraphQL error that's returned. For example, when using token-based authentication, you might want to automatically handle re-authentication when the token expires.

To retry an operation, you return forward(operation) in your onError function. Here's an example:

If your retried operation also results in errors, those errors are not passed to your onError link to prevent an infinite loop of operations. This means that an onError link can retry a particular operation only once.

If you don't want to retry an operation, your onError link's function should return nothing.

On network errors

To retry operations that encounter a network error, we recommend adding a RetryLink to your link chain. This link enables you to configure retry logic like exponential backoff and total number of attempts.

See the documentation for RetryLink.

Ignoring errors

To conditionally ignore errors, you can set response.errors to null in your onError link:

onError link options

See the onError API reference.

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You might encounter an RPC server unavailable error when connecting to Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), SQL Server, during a remote connection, or for some Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-ins. The following image is an example of an RPC error.

This is a commonly encountered error message in the networking world and one can lose hope very fast without trying to understand much, as to what is happening ‘under the hood’.

Before getting in to troubleshooting the *RPC server unavailable- error, let’s first understand basics about the error. There are a few important terms to understand:

• Endpoint mapper – a service listening on the server, which guides client apps to server apps by port and UUID.
• Tower – describes the RPC protocol, to allow the client and server to negotiate a connection.
• Floor – the contents of a tower with specific data like ports, IP addresses, and identifiers.
• UUID – a well-known GUID that identifies the RPC application. The UUID is what you use to see a specific kind of RPC application conversation, as there are likely to be many.
• Opnum – the identifier of a function that the client wants the server to execute. It’s just a hexadecimal number, but a good network analyzer will translate the function for you. If neither knows, your application vendor must tell you.
• Port – the communication endpoints for the client and server applications.
• Stub data – the information given to functions and data exchanged between the client and server. This is the payload, the important part.

Note

A lot of the above information is used in troubleshooting, the most important is the Dynamic RPC port number you get while talking to EPM.

How the connection works

Client A wants to execute some functions or wants to make use of a service running on the remote server, will first establish the connection with the Remote Server by doing a three-way handshake.

RPC ports can be given from a specific range as well.

Configure RPC dynamic port allocation

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) dynamic port allocation is used by server applications and remote administration applications such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Manager, Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Manager, and so on. RPC dynamic port allocation will instruct the RPC program to use a particular random port in the range configured for TCP and UDP, based on the implementation of the operating system used.

Customers using firewalls may want to control which ports RPC is using so that their firewall router can be configured to forward only these Transmission Control Protocol (UDP and TCP) ports. Many RPC servers in Windows let you specify the server port in custom configuration items such as registry entries. When you can specify a dedicated server port, you know what traffic flows between the hosts across the firewall, and you can define what traffic is allowed in a more directed manner.

As a server port, please choose a port outside of the range you may want to specify below. You can find a comprehensive list of server ports that are used in Windows and major Microsoft products in the article Service overview and network port requirements for Windows.The article also lists the RPC servers and which RPC servers can be configured to use custom server ports beyond the facilities the RPC runtime offers.

Some firewalls also allow for UUID filtering where it learns from a RPC Endpoint Mapper request for a RPC interface UUID. The response has the server port number, and a subsequent RPC Bind on this port is then allowed to pass.

With Registry Editor, you can modify the following parameters for RPC. The RPC Port key values discussed below are all located in the following key in the registry:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftRpcInternet Entry name Data Type

Ports REG_MULTI_SZ

• Specifies a set of IP port ranges consisting of either all the ports available from the Internet or all the ports not available from the Internet. Each string represents a single port or an inclusive set of ports. For example, a single port may be represented by 5984, and a set of ports may be represented by 5000-5100. If any entries are outside the range of 0 to 65535, or if any string cannot be interpreted, the RPC runtime treats the entire configuration as invalid.

PortsInternetAvailable REG_SZ Y or N (not case-sensitive)

• If Y, the ports listed in the Ports key are all the Internet-available ports on that computer. If N, the ports listed in the Ports key are all those ports that are not Internet-available.

UseInternetPorts REG_SZ ) Y or N (not case-sensitive)

• Specifies the system default policy.
• If Y, the processes using the default will be assigned ports from the set of Internet-available ports, as defined previously.
• If N, the processes using the default will be assigned ports from the set of intranet-only ports.

Example:

Error Executing Fl32.exe. In Windows 10

In this example ports 5000 through 6000 inclusive have been arbitrarily selected to help illustrate how the new registry key can be configured. This is not a recommendation of a minimum number of ports needed for any particular system.

1. Add the Internet key under: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftRpc

2. Under the Internet key, add the values 'Ports' (MULTI_SZ), 'PortsInternetAvailable' (REG_SZ), and 'UseInternetPorts' (REG_SZ).

   For example, the new registry key appears as follows:Ports: REG_MULTI_SZ: 5000-6000PortsInternetAvailable: REG_SZ: YUseInternetPorts: REG_SZ: Y

3. Restart the server. All applications that use RPC dynamic port allocation use ports 5000 through 6000, inclusive.

You should open up a range of ports above port 5000. Port numbers below 5000 may already be in use by other applications and could cause conflicts with your DCOM application(s). Furthermore, previous experience shows that a minimum of 100 ports should be opened, because several system services rely on these RPC ports to communicate with each other.

Note

The minimum number of ports required may differ from computer to computer. Computers with higher traffic may run into a port exhaustion situation if the RPC dynamic ports are restricted. Take this into consideration when restricting the port range.

Warning

If there is an error in the port configuration or there are insufficient ports in the pool, the Endpoint Mapper Service will not be able to register RPC servers with dynamic endpoints. When there is a configuration error, the error code will be 87 (0x57) ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER. This can affect Windows RPC servers as well, such as Netlogon. It will log event 5820 in this case:

Log Name: SystemSource: NETLOGONEvent ID: 5820Level: ErrorKeywords: ClassicDescription:The Netlogon service could not add the AuthZ RPC interface. The service was terminated. The following error occurred: 'The parameter is incorrect.'

If you would like to do a deep dive as to how it works, see RPC over IT/Pro.

Troubleshooting RPC error

PortQuery

The best thing to always troubleshoot RPC issues before even getting in to traces is by making use of tools like PortQry. You can quickly determine if you are able to make a connection by running the command:

This would give you a lot of output to look for, but you should be looking for *ip_tcp- and the port number in the brackets, which tells whether you were successfully able to get a dynamic port from EPM and also make a connection to it. If the above fails, you can typically start collecting simultaneous network traces. Something like this from the output of “PortQry”:

Partial output below:

Querying target system called:169.254.0.2Attempting to resolve IP address to a name...IP address resolved to RPCServer.contoso.comquerying...TCP port 135 (epmap service): LISTENINGUsing ephemeral source portQuerying Endpoint Mapper Database...Server's response:UUID: d95afe70-a6d5-4259-822e-2c84da1ddb0dncacn_ip_tcp:169.254.0.10[49664]

The one in bold is the ephemeral port number that you made a connection to successfully.

Netsh

You can run the commands below to leverage Windows inbuilt netsh captures, to collect a simultaneous trace. Remember to execute the below on an “Admin CMD”, it requires elevation.

• On the client

• On the Server

Now try to reproduce your issue from the client machine and as soon as you feel the issue has been reproduced, go ahead and stop the traces using the command

Open the traces in Microsoft Network Monitor 3.4 or Message Analyzer and filter the trace for

• Ipv4.address<client-ip> and ipv4.address<server-ip> and tcp.port135 or just tcp.port135 should help.

• Look for the “EPM” Protocol Under the “Protocol” column.

• Now check if you are getting a response from the server. If you get a response, note the dynamic port number that you have been allocated to use.

• Check if we are connecting successfully to this Dynamic port successfully.

• The filter should be something like this: tcp.port<dynamic-port-allocated> and ipv4.address<server-ip>

This should help you verify the connectivity and isolate if any network issues are seen.

Port not reachable

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The most common reason why we would see the RPC server unavailable is when the dynamic port that the client tries to connect is not reachable. The client side trace would then show TCP SYN retransmits for the dynamic port.

The port cannot be reachable due to one of the following reasons:

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• The dynamic port range is blocked on the firewall in the environment.
• A middle device is dropping the packets.
• The destination server is dropping the packets (WFP drop / NIC drop/ Filter driver etc).